Contents

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Summary analysis

Acronyms and abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Cop out: security exemptions in the Artificial Intelligence Act

2.1 “A historic achievement”

2.2 Summary: exceptions and loopholes

2.3 In detail: the AI Act’s security exemptions

2.3.1 Scope and application of the law

2.3.2 (Un)prohibited practices

2.3.3 Risk and impact assessments

2.3.4 A “silicon curtain” of secrecy

2.3.5 Conformity assessment

2.3.6 Data protection

2.3.7 Oversight

2.4 Implementing the Act

3 Security AI in EU agencies

3.1 eu-LISA

3.1.1 Algorithmic profiling of travellers

3.1.2 AI in the shared Biometric Matching System

3.1.3 Digitalising the visa application process: visa chatbot

3.2 Europol

3.2.1 From challenge to opportunity

3.2.2 Machine learning

3.2.3 Facial recognition

3.2.4 Data protection and European policing

3.3 Frontex

3.3.1 AI in the maritime domain

3.4 EU Asylum Agency

3.4.1 Automated dialect recognition for asylum applicants

3.5 Eurojust

3.5.1 Joint Investigation Teams platform

4. Building the infrastructure

4.1 Institutional infrastructure

4.1.1 eu-LISA

4.1.2 The EU Innovation Hub for Internal Security

4.1.3 The European Clearing Board

4.1.4 Frontex

4.2 Technical infrastructure

4.2.1 Security Data Space for Innovation

4.2.2 Europol: sandboxes and pipelines

Annex I High-risk systems under the AI Act

Annex II Information to be registered in the EU database of high-risk AI systems

Annex III AI technologies and techniques of interest to EU policing, migration and criminal justice institutions and agencies

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